offspring

Tuesday, April 26, 2011

The ghost city of Chernobyl

The ghost city of Chernobyl: Eerie pictures that show abandoned disaster zone as world marks 25 years since worst nuclear meltdown in history


By Daily Mail Reporter
Last updated at 10:16 PM on 25th April 2011

Twenty five years since the world's worst nuclear accident at the Chernobyl power station, the surrounding settlements are still ghost towns, with  thousands of houses abandoned and left to fall into ruin.

Ukraine is today preparing to mark a quarter of a century since the disaster, which endangered hundreds of thousands of lives and contaminated pristine forests and farmland with deadly radiation.

The blast on April 26, 1986, spewed a cloud of radioactive fallout over much of Europe and forced hundreds of thousands from their homes in the most heavily hit areas in Ukraine, Belarus and western Russia.


City of the apocalypse: An abandoned building in the deserted city of Pripyat, the closest to the Chernobyl power plant which exploded 25 years ago
City of the apocalypse: An abandoned building in the deserted city of Pripyat, the closest to the Chernobyl power plant which exploded 25 years ago


A view from the top of a hotel in Pripyat, the town which was built primarily to house workers from the Chernobyl nuclear power station
A view from the top of a hotel in Pripyat, the town which was built primarily to house workers from the Chernobyl nuclear power station


Scientists are deeply divided on how many have died as a result of the explosion, which released about 400 times more radiation than the U.S. atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima.

An international donors conference in Kiev last week raised £485 million of the £653 million needed to build a new shelter and a storage facility for spent fuel.

Soviet officials did not report the disaster for several days. Even in the plant workers' town of Pripyat, few knew what had happened when the plant's No. 4 reactor blew up around 1.30am in the morning. The official acknowledgement came three days later.

Bumper cars riddled with rust sit in a fairground in Pripyat. A 19-mile area around the plant has been largely uninhabited since the nuclear leak
Bumper cars riddled with rust sit in a fairground in Pripyat. A 19-mile area around the plant has been largely uninhabited since the nuclear leak

A decrepit ferris wheel in the once bustling town of Pripyat 
A decrepit Ferris wheel left to the brave the elements
A rust-addled phone booth on Lenin Avenue, Pripyat
 A rust-addled phone booth on Lenin Avenue, Pripyat


Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovich and Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kirill will commemorate the victims of the nuclear accident with prayers and candle-lighting in Kiev tonight before they travel to the Chernobyl station on Tuesday.

A 19-mile area around the plant has been uninhabited except for occasional plant workers, and several hundred local people who returned to their homes despite official warnings.

Vasily Voznyak, the head of the Soviet government's Chernobyl department in 1986-1990, told a news conference today that officials were totally unprepared for the accident: 'Neither the civil defence, nor the station's management, nor the Soviet party organs in the region were ready for an accident of such a global scale,' he said in Moscow.

Weeds are the only visible living organism on this street corner in Pripyat. Several hundred local people returned to their homes despite official warnings
Weeds are the only visible living organism on this street corner in Pripyat. Several hundred local people returned to their homes despite official warnings


A gas mask lies on a doll in an abandoned building in the deserted town of Pripyat 
  A gas mask lies on a doll in an abandoned building.
A child's shoes sit amongst a pile of rubble in the deserted town of Pripyat
 A child's shoes sit amongst a pile of rubble


An abandoned furniture shop on Lenin Avenue continues to decay. The Chernobyl blast spewed a cloud of radioactive fallout over much of Europe and forced hundreds of thousands from their homes
An abandoned furniture shop on Lenin Avenue continues to decay. The Chernobyl blast spewed a cloud of radioactive fallout over much of Europe and forced hundreds of thousands from their homes


The U.N.'s World Health Organization said at a Kiev conference last week that among the 600,000 people most heavily exposed to radiation, 4,000 more cancer deaths than average are expected to be eventually found.

Soviet authorities initially offered a generous package of benefits to Chernobyl clean-up workers. But over time the benefits have been cut back.

About 2,000 veterans of the Chernobyl clean up rallied in Kiev earlier this month to protest cuts in their benefits and pensions after Ukraine's Yanukovich said fulfilling the past promises to Chernobyl workers was 'beyond the government's strength' amid the financial downturn. Chernobyl veterans in Belarus are facing similar cuts.

Back in time: The canteen in a school in Pripyat still boasts a cash register amid the terrible decay
Back in time: The canteen in a school in Pripyat still boasts a cash register amid the terrible decay 



The swimming pool in the leisure complex in Pripyat 
The leisure centre where time stopped:(Top & bottom) The pool was left full of water which has evaporated over the last 25 years
The pool was left full of water which over the last 25 years has evaporated



This weather-beaten 16-storey block of flats with the USSR coat of arms on the top looks like it hasn't been inhabited in decades
This weather-beaten 16-storey block of flats with the USSR coat of arms on the top looks like it hasn't been inhabited in decades

Japan is struggling to bring the radiation-spewing Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant under control after last month's earthquake and tsunami triggered another nuclear disaster.

Earlier this month the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency upgraded its rating of the Fukushima crisis to the highest level on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale, placing it on par with Chernobyl, the only other event to reach the maximum rating of 7 on the INES scale.

However, Evgeny Akimov, a nuclear engineer and the former head of the Chernobyl containment facility, said he is convinced that the scale of the disaster at the Fukushima plant is far smaller since 'no fuel has been discharged outside the reactor vessels'.


A memorial to the victims of the Chernobyl disaster in front of wrecked power station
A memorial to the victims of the Chernobyl disaster in front of wrecked power station

Up to 80,000 residents near the stricken Fukushima plant have been warned by authorities that they might not be able to return home as 25,000 tons of nuclear waste is pumped out - the first step in a 'cold shutdown' process that could take nine months.

Those living in 10 towns within 12 miles of the plant, which has been leaking since the March 11 earthquake and tsunami affected its power and cooling systems, were originally told to evacuate for the time being.

Virtually all left after being advised to do so and on occasion some have returned to check on their homes, but now the Japanese government have said that no one should return as the fallout from the situation is carefully managed.

Today, vets entered the 12-mile evacuation zone around the radiation-leaking Japanese nuclear plant to survey the condition of livestock there.
Farmers left around 3,000 cows, 130,000 pigs and 680,000 chickens behind when they fled the area last month.

An aerial view of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, shortly after the disaster in April 1986, which released about 400 times more radiation than the U.S. atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima
An aerial view of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, shortly after the disaster in April 1986, which released about 400 times more radiation than the U.S. atomic bomb dropped over Hiroshima



The inside of the tomb which encases Chernobyl's unit 4 reactor which exploded, leaking vast amounts of radiation
The inside of the tomb which encases Chernobyl's unit 4 reactor which exploded, leaking vast amounts of radiation

Thursday, April 21, 2011

Spring Clean Your Mind...

Time to spring clean... your mind? Scientists say memory lapses can be blamed on too much irrelevant information

By Fiona Macrae
Last updated at 2:06 PM on 21st April 2011
  If you struggle to remember names and numbers or frequently fail to follow the plot of a film, help could be at hand.
Scientists say the problem is that you know too much – and you need to declutter, or spring-clean your mind.
Experiments show that the memory lapses that come with age are not simply due to brain slowing down.

Time to declutter: Scientists say if you're struggling with memory function it might be because you know too much 
Time to declutter: Scientists say if you're struggling with memory function it might be because you know too much

Instead, they can be blamed on the well-used brain finding it more and more difficult to stop irrelevant information interfering with the task in hand.

The first step in the study was to compare the working memory of the young and old. Working memory involves holding information in mind while manipulating it mentally.
 
Examples in everyday life include retain plots of films and books to understand or predict what will happen next and following the thread of a conversation while working out how you can contribute to the topic.
In the context of the study, it involved giving the volunteers groups of sentences and asking them to work out whether each line made sense – and to remember the last word of each sentence.

Stay sharp by playing music 
 
Overall, the younger people, who had an average age of 23, did better, the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology reports.

Welcome to Bournemouth
Welcome to Bournemouth

The Canadian researchers then did a second experiment to see what was hindering  the older volunteers, who had an average age of 67.

This involved being shown a pictures of eight animals and being asked to memorise the order in which the creatures appeared.

The volunteers were then shown dozens of the pictures and asked to click on their computer mouse when the first animal in their memorised sequence occurred, then the second and so on.

The older adults found it more difficult to progress, suggesting the previous picture was stuck in their mind.

Age-old problem? Memory lapses can affect the young as well as old

Age-old problem? Memory lapses can affect the young as well as old
Mervin Blair, of Montreal’s Concordia University, said: ‘We found that  the older adults had more difficulty in getting rid of previous information.

‘We found that that accounted for a lot of the working memory problems seen in  the study.’
A third study confirmed that the memory problems were not simply due to a  simple slowing down of the mind.

Mr Blair, a PhD candidate, says that the older mind appears to have trouble  suppressing irrelevant information. This makes it more difficult to concentrate on the here and now.

For those who have trouble remembering, he suggests relaxation exercises to  declutter the mind.
‘Reduce clutter, if you don't, you may not get anything done.’
Keeping the mind young, through learning a language or musical instrument can also help.

He added that younger people can also fall foul of memory lapses caused by a failure to suppress extraneous information, with sleepless nights making it  harder for the brain to function properly.

Previous research has found that the part of the brain that keeps embarrassing  thoughts in check also weakens with age, leading to people losing some of their  inhibitions.
In other words, outspoken old people aren't being rude - they just can't hold  their tongues.

HOW TO DECLUTTER YOUR MIND

  • Get a good night’s sleep
  • Take up meditation or yoga to calm the mind
  • Learn a language or musical instrument to keep the mind young
  • Do crossword puzzles to keep the brain active
  • Exercise for a healthy mind as well as a healthy body
  • Socialise to keep the mind sharp


 

Crying babies...

Crying babies ‘more likely to grow into problem children’

By Jenny Hope
Last updated at 8:00 AM on 21st April 2011

Babies who persistently cry are more likely to become problem children with behavioural disorders, researchers say.

According to their study, around one in five infants is ‘difficult’, with excessive crying and problems sleeping and feeding – and many will go on to be difficult children.

It found babies with these issues were 40 per cent more likely to grow up to display unruly behaviour, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder – ADHD.

Researchers found infants with persistent crying, feeding or sleeping difficulties were 40 per cent more likely to have behavioural issues later 
 Researchers found infants with persistent crying, feeding or sleeping difficulties were 40 per cent more likely to have behavioural issues later

ADHD covers a range of behavioural problems linked to poor attention span – including impulsiveness, restlessness and hyperactivity – for which children may require prescription drugs and special needs teaching.

Up to 400,000 British children are believed to have ADHD, with many continuing to experience problems as adults.

 
Researchers from Warwick University, the University of Basel in Switzerland, and the University of Bochum in Germany investigated whether behavioural problems in early infancy were linked to those in later childhood.

They carried out an analysis of 22 studies from 1987 to 2006 which involving a total of 16,848 children, of whom 1,935 showed problems in infancy.

The study reported that around 2 0 per cent of parents had concerns about babies' crying, sleeping, or feeding patterns
Worries: The study reported that around 20 per cent of parents surveyed had concerns about babies' crying, sleeping, or feeding pattern
 
The subjects were followed up to see if they displayed behavioural issues in childhood, including ADHD, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, aggression, destructive behaviour, temper tantrums and general conduct problems.
 
Researchers found infants with persistent crying, feeding or sleeping difficulties were 40 per cent more likely than well-behaved babies to have later behavioural issues – with the most likely result a diagnosis of ADHD and bad behaviour.

The report in the Archives of Disease in Childhood medical journal concluded that the more problems a baby had, the more likely he or she was to become a child with behaviour problems.

The study reported that parents of around 20 per cent of babies had concerns about their crying, sleeping, or feeding patterns.

Researcher Dieter Wolke of Warwick University said the problems in babies that led to later issues were abnormally severe.

For example, the study focused on babies who cried for more than three hours a day after the age of three months and babies who had persistent sleeping problems after eight months.

Professor Wolke said the solution for such babies was to give them more routine in their lives, adding: ‘We have evidence that  it works.’

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1379080/Crying-babies-likely-grow-problem-children.html#ixzz1KAw1NRJ6

Einstein

Socrates

Confucious

 

blogger templates 3 columns | Make Money Online